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官话说SSL是安全套接层(secure sockets layer),TLS是SSL的继任者,叫传输层安全(transport layer security)。

说白点,就是在明文的上层和TCP层之间加上一层加密,这样就保证上层信息传输的安全。如HTTP协议是明文传输,加上SSL层之后,就有了雅称HTTPS。它存在的唯一目的就是保证上层通讯安全的一套机制。
传统的 TLS 握手过程:

SSL认证分为单向认证和双向认证,是在安全通信中使用的两种不同的身份验证方式,它们之间的主要区别在于身份验证的方向和安全性。

客户端认证服务器:
适用场景:单向认证适用于大多数Web浏览和服务器通信场景,一般情况下,在打开页面的时候没有提示数据加密插件的,属于单向认证,即浏览器只持有公钥。
双向认证(Two-Way Authentication):

服务器验证客户端和客户端验证服务器:双向认证中,服务器验证客户端的身份,同时客户端也验证服务器的身份。这意味着客户端和服务器都需要提供有效的证书以进行相互验证。
更高的安全性:双向认证提供更高的安全性,因为它确保了通信的两端都是合法的,并且双方都可以互相验证。
适用场景:双向认证通常在需要更高级别的安全性的场景中使用,例如金融交易、医疗保健、政府通信等,其中双方都需要互相验证以确保身份。类似于支付宝、银行的U顿支付之类的,会要求用户安装插件或驱动,属于双向验证。
总之,单向认证用于服务器验证客户端的情况,而双向认证要求双方都进行身份验证,提供更高级别的安全性。选择哪种认证方式取决于您的应用程序的特定需求和安全性要求。
数字证书一般由数字证书认证机构签发,证书包含了:
生成 CA 根证书、服务器证书和客户端证书的步骤如下:
步骤 1:创建 CA 根密钥和证书
首先,您需要生成一个 CA 根密钥(私钥)和一个 CA 根证书。以下是一些基本的步骤:
ca-key.pem)。这是用于签署服务器和客户端证书请求的私钥。请确保保护好这个私钥文件,因为它是证书链的根。openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out ca-key.pem
ca-cert.pem)。openssl req -new -x509 -key ca-key.pem -out ca-cert.pem -days 3650
在此过程中,您需要提供一些 CA 根证书的信息,如组织、单位、常用名等。
步骤 2:创建服务器证书请求和证书
接下来,您需要为服务器创建证书请求并签署服务器证书。
server-key.pem)。openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out server-key.pem
server-csr.pem)。在这一步中,您需要提供服务器的信息,如主机名(通常是服务器的域名)。openssl req -new -key server-key.pem -out server-csr.pem
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng/test2# openssl req -new -key server-key.pem -out server-csr.pem You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:fujian Locality Name (eg, city) []:xiamen Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []: Email Address []: Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []:
server-cert.pem)。openssl x509 -req -in server-csr.pem -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -out server-cert.pem -CAcreateserial -days 3650
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng/test2# openssl x509 -req -in server-csr.pem -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -out server-cert.pem -CAcreateserial -days 3650
Signature ok
subject=C = CN, ST = fujian, L = xiamen, O = Internet Widgits Pty Ltd
Getting CA Private Key
openssl verify -CAfile ca-cert.pem server-cert.pem
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng/test2# openssl verify -CAfile ca-cert.pem server-cert.pem
server-cert.pem: OK
步骤 3:创建客户端证书请求和证书(可选)
如果您需要客户端证书以进行双向认证,则可以执行以下步骤:
client-key.pem)。openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out client-key.pem
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng/test2# openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out client-key.pem
....................................................................................................................................................................+++++
........+++++
client-csr.pem)。openssl req -new -key client-key.pem -out client-csr.pem
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng/test2# openssl req -new -key client-key.pem -out client-csr.pem You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:fujian Locality Name (eg, city) []:qz Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []: Email Address []: Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []:
client-cert.pem)。openssl x509 -req -in client-csr.pem -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -out client-cert.pem -CAcreateserial -days 3650
注意: 在实际生产环境中,需要更多的安全性和细化控制。此示例仅提供了基本步骤和示例命令,具体的配置可能因您的环境和需求而有所不同。同时,请确保适当地保护和存储您的密钥和证书文件。
openssl verify -CAfile ca-cert.pem client-cert.pem
通过上面的介绍,我们已经了解了单向认证的一般概念及流程。
下面是一个简单的Python示例代码,演示了如何在客户端认证服务端证书:
ssl_server.py
import socket import ssl import threading class server_ssl: def build_listen(self): # CA_FILE = "ca-cert.pem" KEY_FILE = "server-key.pem" CERT_FILE = "server-cert.pem" context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH) context.load_cert_chain(certfile=CERT_FILE, keyfile=KEY_FILE) # 加载服务端证书和私钥 # context.load_verify_locations(CA_FILE) # 加载根证书 context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE # 不需要客户端提供证书 # 监听端口 with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0) as sock: # 将socket打包成SSL socket with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True) as ssock: ssock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 10036)) ssock.listen(5) print("Server is listening for connections...") while True: # 接收客户端连接 client_socket, addr = ssock.accept() print(f"Accepted connection from {addr}") # 创建新线程来处理客户端请求 client_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.handle_client, args=(client_socket, addr)) client_thread.start() def handle_client(self, client_socket, addr): try: while True: # 接收客户端信息 msg = client_socket.recv(1024).decode("utf-8") if not msg: break # 客户端断开连接 print(f"Received message from client {addr}: {msg}") # 向客户端发送信息 response = f"Received: {msg}".encode("utf-8") client_socket.send(response) except Exception as e: print(f"Error: {str(e)}") finally: client_socket.close() print("Connection closed") if __name__ == "__main__": server = server_ssl() server.build_listen()
运行server端代码:
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng# python ssl_server.py
Server is listening for connections...
Accepted connection from ('127.0.0.1', 49814)
Received message from client ('127.0.0.1', 49814): hello
Received message from client ('127.0.0.1', 49814): world
ssl_client.py
import socket import ssl class client_ssl: def send_hello(self): CA_FILE = "ca-cert.pem" # CLIENT_KEY_FILE = "client-key.pem" # CLIENT_CERT_FILE = "client-cert.pem" # 创建SSL上下文对象 context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS) context.check_hostname = False # context.load_cert_chain(certfile=CLIENT_CERT_FILE, keyfile=CLIENT_KEY_FILE) # 服务器不需要认证客户端证书,故不需要 context.load_verify_locations(CA_FILE) # 使用根证书认证服务端证书 context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED # 与服务端建立socket连接 with socket.socket() as sock: # 将socket打包成SSL socket with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=False) as ssock: ssock.connect(('127.0.0.1', 10036)) while True: # 输入要发送的消息 msg = input("Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit): ") if msg.lower() == 'quit': break # 向服务端发送消息 ssock.send(msg.encode("utf-8")) # 接收并打印服务端返回的消息 response = ssock.recv(1024).decode("utf-8") print(f"Received message from the server: {response}") if __name__ == "__main__": client = client_ssl() client.send_hello()
运行客户端代码:
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng# python ssl_client.py
Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit): hello
Received message from the server: Received: hello
Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit): world
Received message from the server: Received: world
Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit):
下面是一个简单的Python示例代码,演示了如何在服务器和客户端之间进行双向认证:
服务器端代码 server.py:
import socket import ssl import threading class server_ssl: def build_listen(self): CA_FILE = "ca-cert.pem" KEY_FILE = "server-key.pem" CERT_FILE = "server-cert.pem" context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH) context.load_cert_chain(certfile=CERT_FILE, keyfile=KEY_FILE) context.load_verify_locations(CA_FILE) context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED # 如果服务器不验证客户端证书:ssl.CERT_NONE context.check_hostname = False # 监听端口 with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0) as sock: # 将socket打包成SSL socket with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True) as ssock: ssock.bind(('127.0.0.1', 10028)) ssock.listen(5) print("Server is listening for connections...") while True: # 接收客户端连接 client_socket, addr = ssock.accept() print(f"Accepted connection from {addr}") # 创建新线程来处理客户端请求 client_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.handle_client, args=(client_socket, addr)) client_thread.start() def handle_client(self, client_socket, addr): try: while True: # 接收客户端信息 msg = client_socket.recv(1024).decode("utf-8") if not msg: break # 客户端断开连接 print(f"Received message from client {addr}: {msg}") # 向客户端发送信息 response = f"Received: {msg}".encode("utf-8") client_socket.send(response) except Exception as e: print(f"Error: {str(e)}") finally: client_socket.close() print("Connection closed") if __name__ == "__main__": server = server_ssl() server.build_listen()
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng/test2# python server.py
Server is listening for connections...
Accepted connection from ('127.0.0.1', 55364)
Received message from client ('127.0.0.1', 55364): hello
Received message from client ('127.0.0.1', 55364): haige1
Accepted connection from ('127.0.0.1', 55366)
Received message from client ('127.0.0.1', 55366): hello
Received message from client ('127.0.0.1', 55366): haige2
客户端代码 client.py:
import socket import ssl class client_ssl: def send_hello(self): CA_FILE = "ca-cert.pem" SERVER_CERT_FILE = "server-cert.pem" # 服务器证书文件路径 CLIENT_KEY_FILE = "client-key.pem" CLIENT_CERT_FILE = "client-cert.pem" # 创建SSL上下文对象 context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS) context.check_hostname = False context.load_cert_chain(certfile=CLIENT_CERT_FILE, keyfile=CLIENT_KEY_FILE) context.load_verify_locations(CA_FILE) context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED context.load_verify_locations(cafile=CA_FILE) # 设置根证书 # 与服务端建立socket连接 with socket.socket() as sock: # 将socket打包成SSL socket with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=False) as ssock: ssock.connect(('127.0.0.1', 10026)) while True: # 输入要发送的消息 msg = input("Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit): ") if msg.lower() == 'quit': break # 向服务端发送消息 ssock.send(msg.encode("utf-8")) # 接收并打印服务端返回的消息 response = ssock.recv(1024).decode("utf-8") print(f"Received message from the server: {response}") if __name__ == "__main__": client = client_ssl() client.send_hello()
客户端1
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng/test2# python client.py
Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit): hello
Received message from the server: Received: hello
Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit): haige1
Received message from the server: Received: haige1
Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit):
客户端2
(py3.8) root@localhost:/opt/lianhaifeng/test2# python client.py
Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit): hello
Received message from the server: Received: hello
Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit): haige2
Received message from the server: Received: haige2
Enter a message to send (or 'quit' to exit):
若是服务端要求验证客户端证书,但是客户端没有携带证书,则会引发一个常见的网络错误:
ConnectionResetError: [Errno 104] Connection reset by peer,此时在服务器端也会有详细信息:ssl.SSLError: [SSL: PEER_DID_NOT_RETURN_A_CERTIFICATE] peer did not return a certificate (_ssl.c:1131)
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