传感器与自动变速器_节流阀属于传感器吗

传感器与自动变速器

传感器  目前的燃料喷射系统有一个电子控制系统。一些汽车厂家称之为ECU或是其他名字。一般我们叫它“智能电脑”，因为它与人们的思维有关。与人的身体相比会让我们更清楚它的工作原理。“智能电脑”通过人们的视觉、触觉、嗅觉、和听觉来获取信息。因为电脑没有手、眼、耳、或鼻子。却又必须接受信息，传感器就起到了作用。这些传感器就是ECU的耳和眼。一旦有信息出现，ECU先进行处理，并决定采用何种输出信息去完成其他任务。下面是一些输入传感器和它们的工作原理。

主气流传感器   主气流传感器安装在输入口位置。它通过检测整个气流流量来测量输入率，它包括ECU 提供电流的高压电线，当输入口气流流动时，高压电线产生的热量就会减少。气流越多，热量损失就越大。因此在气流增加时，ECM就必须提供足够的电流来保持高压电线温度。ECM通过电流的改变来检测气流。

温度传感器  摄入温度传感器被安装在气管套里，它把探测到的温度信号传送给ECM。温度传感器使用对温度的变化十分敏感的热敏电阻，热敏电阻的电阻下降，相对应的温度上升。

车轴定位传感器   车轴定位传感器控制发动机速度和活塞位置。输入到ECU 上的信号用来控制燃料的喷出，定时点火和发挥其他作用。

冷温传感器   发动机冷温传感器被用来检测发动机的冷却E温度。传感器改变从ECM里输出的电压信号。当冷温传感器输入时，修改过的信号返回到ECM。传感器采用对温度敏感的冷温传感器，当温度上升时，电热调节器的电阻会下降。

爆震传感器   爆震传感器附在汽缸套上，用压电元件判断发动机的爆震。汽缸套传出的爆震波被视为流体压力。这种压力转变为压电信号，然后被传送到电子对抗系统上。

热氧传感器   热氧传感器安装在排气装置上。它用来检测相对与外部的空气排出气体中的氧气的含量。这种传感器是用陶瓷氧化钴做成的电子管。

节流传感器    节流传感器随着加速器踏板发生变化。这种传感器是能让节流阀转变为输出电压的分压计，输出的电压信号传送到电子对抗系统上。除此之外，传感器检测节流阀的回程速度和闭合速度，电压信号流入电子对抗系统里。从节流传感器接受到的信号决定节流阀的空转位置。

车辆速度传感器    车辆速度传感器安装在驱动桥上。它包括给里程计提供交通速度信号的脉冲发动机。里程计给电子对抗系统发射信号。

停车传感器    当司机使用倒车挡时，这个系统自动启动。小型传感器固定在车辆的后面，他们发送并接受减少交通困境的超音波无线电波，并提醒司机危险情况的出现。当司机接近物体时，内部的蜂鸣器逐步地频繁响起来。持续的响声表明汽车在离障碍物0.35米的距离。并不是所有的发动机拥有所有的传感器。这儿列举的这些传感器基于合理的燃料量管理。

自动传输   目前，最新的自动传输在当今的汽车领域里是最复杂的机械部分。自动传输包括机械系统、水压系统、电力系统和电脑控制。除非出现问题，这些部分的协调工作得很好。

什么是动力输出器？动力输出器是连在发动机后面的设备，并从发动机输送电力到方向盘。发动机在一定时间时间旋转范围内运转时，电子传送到车轮上。

在车辆前轮驱动和后轮驱动的基础上，有两种基本自动传输器类型。

后轮驾驶   自动传输器通常按在电动机的后面，位于汽油踏板旁的地板中心。主动轴连接着位于后轴轮最终转动的动力传送器，用于给后车轮传送电力。这个系统的电力传送很简单也很直接，过程为：先通过转矩变换器，再通过动力传输器和主动轴，直到到达分开的最终转动部分，然后传输到两后轮上。

前轮驾驶   动力传输器通常安装在最终转动部分，形成所谓的驱动桥。前轮驱动车的发动机通常设在车辆的侧面，驱动桥安装在汽车后面的发动机一边的下面。前车轴直接和驱动桥连接，并给前轮提供动力。在这个例子中，动力通过转矩变换器从电动器中传送出来，并把动力通过180度的旋转传送到电动机旁边的动力传输器的链条上。在那里，动力通过动力传输器传送到分开的最终转动部分，并通过驾驶车轴传送到两个前车轮上。

动力传输器部分    现代自动传输器包含了许多组件和系统，它们的设计能使那些灵巧的机械、液压、 电子技术等协调工作，这些电气技术经历了多年的演变，以致许多机械人士认为它成了一种艺术。组成自动动力传输器的部分包括：

行星齿轮组   这是提供前轮比率和反比率的机械体系。

气压系统    为了控制行星齿轮组，气压系统使用一种由油泵低压传送的特殊的动力传输器流度，通过真空管来控制离合器和波段。

封条和垫圈  被用来保证油的一定含量，也防止油的泄露。

转矩变换器    它相当与离合器的作用，当发动机运转时，也可以让车辆停下来。

未来的汽车

未来的汽车和现在的汽车截然不同，比如说2005型的汽车开起来很省油，有环保作用，有电脑操作的自动系统，还有即使是身怀绝技的赛车者都不会发生意外事故的安全设施。这些将借助于二氧化碳奔跑运行，同时排出草莓香味的氧气。

未来汽车模式可能有以下几种：

自动化和通讯   日前，有少数的汽车可以上网，将来的汽车多会实现宽带上网。另外，凡是手提电脑上有的功能汽车上都会有，包括接收电子邮件、听音乐、看电影等无线通讯。当穿越大峡谷的过程中，如果孩子们感到疲乏厌倦，他们就可以从网络上获得大峡谷的知识，或收看电视。每个乘客有平板显示器和视听器，汽车会及时告知出现的问题，并带你到最近的经销商那儿进行修理。

导航系统和自动驾驶   未来每辆车都会有与全球定位相连的导航系统。激光、超频音响、雷达传感器会使你的汽车紧跟着附近的汽车。在高速公路上，当前面的汽车减速时，它们也随时起作用使之减速；在城镇里，他们会帮你自动停车，也不会撞着后驶的车辆。在高峰期，在交通阻塞和意外事故中，你可以改换车道行驶；道路边安装的标志线发射器或车内设置的照相机使汽车驾驶自动化成为可能——虽然有些人认为这是三四十年后的事。

环境与汽车排气功   在能源消耗和汽车尾气方面，当今的机动车辆就占据20%和30%。在未来不久，混合发电设备、小型汽油发动机的作用会使汽车消耗一加仑油而前进高达50英里的路程。刹车会在蓄电池里产生电量。从长远来看，汽车不会再排出废气，一种能转换的燃料电池会把氢气与氧气有机的结合起来产生能量。这样，汽车尾气排出的是纯水，事实上未来的汽车零件都是可在利用的。

驾驶体验   未来汽车的仪表板会有少数把手和开关。你可以用自动控音系统，如“温度调的低一些”，“搜寻乡村音乐”；方向租界地发展成短柄或杠杆；更轻吏可靠的电力控制器（节流阀、闸）会代替器械控制器；纤维光缆和发光二极管会用来代替电线和电灯。车内通风效果好，且设有空调。发光二极管元件在阳光明媚的天气里也会使窗内光线暗下来。而且，未来汽车会像飞机一样自由转向。

安全   汽车通过保持行驶安全距离，限制刹车，及检测出昏昏欲睡或醉酒的司机来避免意外的交通事故。如果你横穿马路时没有使用闪光警戒灯（可能当时很瞌睡），汽车的方向盘回应是迅速伸出一个响声很大的把手去提醒你。

未来汽车设计者还需探索新方法和更具有影响力的设计。在尽力使其设计吏具有吸引力的同时，他们会在设计上更加大胆创新，这通常会产生这样的结果：在尽力使其设计比以前市场上的老样式更标新立异时，汽车的样式也失去了平衡效果的美感。

新的材料不断充斥着汽车领域。传感器可以用来监测汽车在路上行驶的位置，如果发现车辆远离交通要道或行车道，警报器就会响。传感器也会检测出司机的开车状态，追循着司机的眼部运动以查出如果司机的眼睛闭合将近几秒钟的时间，警报器就会呼以提醒司机。车辆的内部也会随之变得更有益于司机掌握和更自由化、更个性化。式效安置控制器有助于腰部便于调整座位。这会让司机感到舒适，也会减少慢性疾病和不适。

乘客安全已经成为当今汽车工业的重中之重，在未来社会中其重要性会逐渐加强。气囊会得到更加广泛的应用，同时某些特殊形状的气囊所具有的保护作用，在拯救生命方面非常实用有效。在其操作和可靠性上还要做更多的研究和更精确的检测。汽车的多媒体系统将会持续发展，直到乘客们的感觉从“不知身在其中”到“真正的乐在其中”。汽车里配置的音效也会改进，从而使不同的乘客都能享受到个人空间。采用双耳机插头和多种音效模式的出口，通过不同的插孔，四个不同的收音机电视台都可以立即收听；几种MP3也可以立即播放。

以上这些很可能是未来的汽车模式。

Sensors  and  automatic  transmissions

Sensors  in a modern fuel injection system there is an eletronic control unit some car manufactures call it a ECU or other  things . Generically we call it the  brain,since it does the “thinking”.NOW comparing it to the human boby will help  you understand how it works. Your brain receive information from your sense : sight  touch taste, smell and  hearing. Since a computer doesn’t have hands , eyes , ears  or noses they need to get information some how. That’s where sensors come  in .These sensors are the eyes and ears of  the ECU.  As the information comes in,  the ECU processes it and determines what output to use to do something.  Here are  some of  there input sensors and how they work

Mass Air Flow Sensors   The mass airflow rate by measuring a part of the  entire intake flow.  It consists of a hot wire that is supplied with electric current  from the ECM. The temperature of the hot wire is controlled by the ECM  a certain  amount. The heat generated by the hot wire is reduced as the intake air flow around  it. The more air,  the greater the heat loss.   Therefore, the ECM must supple  more electric current to maintain the temperature of the hot wire as airflow increases.  The ECM dectects the airflow by means. of this current change.

Intake Air Temperature Sensor   The intake air temperature sensors is  mounted to the air duct housing. The sensor detects intake air temperature and  transmits a signal to the ECM. The temoerature—sensing unit uses a thermistor that  is sensitve to the change in temperature. Electrical resistance of the thermistor  decreases in response to the temperature  rise.

Crankshaft Position Sensor    The camshaft  position sensor monitors  engine speed and poston position .These input signal to the ECM are used to control  fule injection, ignition timing and the other functions.

Coolant Temperature Sensor   The engine coolant temperature sensor is  used to detect the engine coolant temperature. The sensor modifies a voltage signal  from tne ECM,  The modified signal returns to the ECM as the engine coolant  temperature input .The sensor uses a thermistor that is sensitive to the changd in  temperature .The electrical resistance of the thermistor decreases ae temperature   increases.

Knock Sensor   The knock sensor is attached to the cylinder block. It  senses engine knocking using a piezoelectric element. A koncking vibration from  the cylineder block is sensed as virbrational pressure. This pressure is conveerted  into a voltage signal and sent to the ECM.

Heated Oxygen Sensor   It is placed into the exhaust manifold It  detects  the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas compared to the outside air. The sensor has  a closed—end tube made of ceramic zirconia.

Thorttle Position Sensor   The throttle position sensor responds to the  accelerator pedal movement. This sensor is a kind of potentiometer the throttle  position into output voltage,  and emits the voltage signal to the ECM. In addition,  the sensor detects the opening and closing speed of the throttle valve and feeds the  voltage signal to the ECM. The ECM receiving the signal from the throttle position  sensor determines idle position of the throttle valve.

Vehicle Speed Sensor   The vehicle speed sensor is installed in the transaxle It contains a pulse generaor that provides a vehicle speed signal to the  speedometer. The speedometer then sends a signal to the ECM.

Parking Sensor  The system is automatically activated when the driver engages reverse gear. Small sensors are fixed to the rear of  the vehicle,  and they  send and receive ultrasonic radio waves which bounce off obstacles and alert the  driver to their presence.There is an internal buzzer that gradually increase in  frequency as the drive approach the object. A continuous tone denotes that the car is  within 0.35m of the obstacle.

Now not all engine have all of there sensors .The ones listed here are the  most directly responsible for proper fuel management.

Automatic  Transmissions  The modern automatic transmission is by far,  the most complicatef mechanical component in today’s  automoblie. Automatic  transmissions contrain mechanical systems ,hydraulic systems ,electrical systems  and computer controls ,all working together in perfect harmony  which goes  virtually unnoticed until there is a problem.

What is a transmission?  The transmission is a drive that is connected to  the back of the engine and sends the power from the enginge to the drive wheel.   An automobile engine runs at its best at a certain RPM(revolutions per minute)  range and it is the transmission’s job to make sure that the power is delivered the  engine within that  range. It does this through various gear combinations.

There are two basic types of automatic transmissions based on whether the  vehicle is rear wheel drive or front wheel drive.

On a rear wheel drive car  ,the transmission is uaually mounted to the back  of the engine and is located under the hump in the center of the floorboard alongside  the gas pedal position.A drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to the final  driver which is located in the rear axle and is used to send power to the rear wheel . Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine,  through the torqu converter , then through the transmission and drive shaft until it  reaches the final driv where it is split and sent to the two rear wheels.

On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually with the final drive  to form what is called a transaxle. The ehgine on a front wheel drive car is usually  mounted sideways in the car with the transaxle tucked under it on the side of the  engine facing the rear of the car. Fornt axles are connected directly to the transaxle  and provide power to the front wheels In this example, power flows from the engine, through the torque converter to a large chain that sends the power through a 180   degee turn to the transmisson that is along side the engine. From there , the power is  routed through the transmission to the final drive where it is split and sent to the two  front wheels through the drive axles.

Transmission Components The mode automatice transmission consists of  many components and systems that are designed to work together in a sysmphony  of clever mechanical, hydraulic and electical technology that has evolved over the  years into what many mechanically inclined individuals consider to be an art form.  The mian components that make up an automatice transmission include:

Planetary gear sets  which are the mechanical systems that provide the  various forward gear rations as well as reverse.

The hydraulic system  which uses a specical transmission fiuid sent under  pressure by an Oil Pump thourgh the Valve Body to control the Clutches and the  Bands in order to control the planetary gear sets.

Seals and gaskets  are used to keep the oil where it is supposed to be and  preven it from leaking out.

The torque converter which acts like a clutch to allow the vehicle to come to  a stop in gear while the engine is still running.

The Future Car

The future car, let’s say a 2025 model will be a very different machine to its present day grandfather. They will be cheaper to run, cleaner for the environment, packed with computers and safety devices ensuring that not even a stunt driver can crash, and they will run on carbon dioxide and emit strawberry scented oxygen.

Well they might be such in the future:

Computing and Communications    Today, the internet in a  few cars; tomorrow, broadband in all of them. Any capability a personal computer has, a car will have, including two-way wireless communications for receiving e-mail, music, and movies. When you’re crossing the Grand Canyon, the kids can learn about the rock formations or watch TV if they’re bored. Every passenger will have a flat-panel display and audio/video feed. The car will broadcast developing problems and route you to the nearest dealer stocking the repair parts.

Navigation and Self-Driving   every car will have a navigation system linked to GPS satellites. Laser, ultrasound, or radar sensors will track nearby cars. On the freeway, they’ll slow your car when the car ahead of you slows; in town, they’ll help you park without smacking the car behind. At rush hour, you’ll get alternate routes around jams and accidents.

Lane-marking emitters embedded in the roadway or in–car video cameras may make it possible for the car to drive itself——though some say that’s 30 to 40 years off.

Environment and Emissions   Motor vehicles today represent 20 to 30 percent of the world’s energy consumption and emissions. In the near term, hybrid powerplants combining a small gasoline engine and an electric motor will top 50 miles per gallon. Braking will regenerate electricity in a storage battery. Longer term, cars might burn zero-emission hydrogen or use a fuel cell that converts a fuel like hydrogen and combines it with oxygen to create electricity. The exhaust will be pure water. Virtually all car parts will be recyclable.

Driving Experience    Dashboards will have only a handful of knobs and switches. You’ll use speaker-independent voice control:“Make it a bit cooler”, “Find me country music”. The steering wheel could evolve to paddles or a lever. Lighter, more reliable electronic controls (throttle, brakes) replace mechanical controls. Fiber optics and LEDs replace electrical wires and light bulbs. Seats will be ventilated and air-conditioned. LCD elements will darken windows on sunny days. The car will bank into turns, just as an airplane does now.

Safety    Cars will avoid some accidents by maintaining safe following distances, limiting skids, and sensing sleepy or inebriated drivers. If you cross over a divider lane without using your blinker (you may be getting sleepy), steering wheel feedback will emulate rumble strip to alert you.  

In the future car designers will have to explore new themes and find alternative influences for their designs .In an effort to catch peoples eye the designs will have to be increasingly bold and brash often sacrificing the aesthetic balance of the design in attempt to be different in an increasingly “done before” market.

New materials are constantly brought into the automotive field, sensors will monitor the cars’ position on the road and if the vehicle is found to be straying from the road or traffic lane an alarm would sound. Sensors could also monitor the drivers’ well-being, tracking eye movement and if the eyes close for more than a few seconds an alarm would sound to alert the driver. The interior of vehicles will also change, becoming more user friendly and personalized. Ergonomically positioned controls and lumbar support seats with adjustable everything will come as standard to increase driver and passenger comfort and reduce chronic pain and discomfort.

Passenger safety is already a priority for modern day car manufacturers and this will only increase in importance into the future .The widespread use of airbags will increase, and the side impact protection airbags featured in some models have proved to be extremely effective in saving lives, but more research and better positioning will continue to improve their performance and reliability.

Multimedia systems will continue to develop in cars until the point where the “are we there yet” phrase develops into“can we stay here”. The sound systems of cars will also improve and become more personalized for the various passengers, with headphone sockets and multiple sound outlets, there might be four different radio stations that can b e played at once through the different jacks, and a variety of MP3s that can be played at once.

These will be the future cars, well they might.