手工搭建Data Guard_从摆脱data guard手工搭建及维护的烦恼说起

Data Guard的搭建可以使用GC图形化安装，优缺点很明显，优点就是图形化操作，符合国人的习惯(据secooler介绍外国程序员能用图形化做的事就一定用图形做，因为boss看得懂，和国人正相反。。。)，缺点就是如同Windows一样，宛如黑盒，换句话说，要时刻祈祷不要出问题，否则有时很难知道他为什么挂了。。。

Data Guard还可以使用命令行操作，正如各位所知，图形化的任何操作背后，其实都是使用的命令。OCM第七场景考试中，我也是纠结了许久，临开始前才决定使用手工方式创建DG，怕的就是图形安装的不确定性。

当然，作为练习，两种方式都熟悉下没什么不好。最近新找了两台机器资源，于是决定搭建一下DG的测试环境，以备后用。

环境准备：
OS：RH Linux
配置：2C4G，40G磁盘空间
数据库：11.2.0.4
主库SID：BEIJING，单实例
备库SID：GUOAN，单实例

1.主库准备工作

编辑listener.ora，配置主库静态监听：

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = BEIJING)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4)
      (SID_NAME = BEIJING)
    )
  )

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = bill02)(PORT = 1521))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/app/oracle
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编辑tnsnames.ora，配置备库连接串：

GUOAN =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = bill01)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = GUOAN)
    )
  )
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设置force_logging参数：

SYS@BEIJING> alter database force logging;
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查看是否开启归档：

SYS@BEIJING> archive log list;
Database log mode              Archive Mode
Automatic archival             Enabled
Archive destination            USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST
Oldest online log sequence     6
Next log sequence to archive   8
Current log sequence           8
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若未开启，将库置于mount状态，执行：

alter database archivelog;
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确认shared_servers、max_shared_servers、dispatchers和max_dispatchers参数是否置空。(此步骤为了防止创建过程出错，实际验证不设置亦可)。

查看主库日志组：

SYS@BEIJING> select group#, member from v$logfile;
    GROUP# MEMBER
---------- --------------------------------------------------
         1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo01.log
         2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo02.log
         3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo03.log
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一共有三组，再增加四组standby日志：

SYS@BEIJING> alter database add standby logfile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo04.log' size 100M;
SYS@BEIJING> alter database add standby logfile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo05.log' size 100M;
SYS@BEIJING> alter database add standby logfile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo06.log' size 100M;
SYS@BEIJING> alter database add standby logfile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo07.log' size 100M;

SYS@BEIJING> select group#, member, type from v$logfile;
GROUP# MEMBER                                        TYPE
---------- ---------------------------------------- -------
1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo01.log         ONLINE
2 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo02.log         ONLINE
3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo03.log         ONLINE
4 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo04.log         STANDBY
5 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo05.log         STANDBY
6 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo06.log         STANDBY
7 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/redo07.log         STANDBY
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编辑pfile文件，

DB_NAME=BEIJING
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=BEIJING
LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(BEIJING,GUOAN)’  －－顺序填写主备库
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1=
 'LOCATION=/home/oracle/flash                   －－location表示本机
  VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES)            －－填写主库归档路径
  DB_UNIQUE_NAME=BEIJING'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=
 'SERVICE=GUOAN ASYNC                           －－service表示另一台机器
  VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE)
  DB_UNIQUE_NAME=GUOAN’                         －－填写备库DB名称
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE
LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.arc
LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=4        －－最大归档进程数官方文档默认30，此处改为4

FAL_SERVER=GUOAN        －－为了切换后主备角色互换使用，Fetch Archived Log缩写
DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='GUOAN',’BEIJING’          －－数据文件目录结构对应关系
LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='GUOAN',’BEIJING’         －－日志文件目录结构对应关系
STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO    －－主库数据文件修改，备库可以选择自动或手工管理
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将主库已经改好的参数文件和密码文件传至备库dbs路径下：

[oracle@bill02 dbs]$ scp initBEIJING.ora oracle@bill01:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/initGUOAN.ora
[oracle@bill02 dbs]$ scp orapwBEIJING oracle@bill01:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/orapwGUOAN
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创建主库spfile，并启动：

SYS@BEIJING> create spfile from pfile;
SYS@BEIJING> startup;
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2.备库准备工作

编辑tnsnames.ora文件，创建主库连接串：

BEIJING =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = bill02)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = BEIJING)
    )
  )
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创建备库监听：略

编辑备库pfile文件，

db_name=‘BEIJING’                   －－注意此处，主备库的db_name参数要一致
memory_target=1G
processes = 150
audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/guoan/adump'
audit_trail ='db'
db_block_size=8192
db_domain=''
db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area'
db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle'
dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=GUOANXDB)'
open_cursors=300
remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS'
control_files = (/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control01.ctl, /u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control02.ctl)
compatible ='11.2.0'

DB_UNIQUE_NAME=GUOAN
LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(GUOAN,BEIJING)'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1=
 'LOCATION=/home/oracle/flash
  VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES)
  DB_UNIQUE_NAME=GUOAN'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=
 'SERVICE=BEIJING ASYNC
  VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE)
  DB_UNIQUE_NAME=BEIJING'
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE
LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.arc
LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=4

FAL_SERVER=BEIJING
DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='BEIJING','GUOAN'
LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='BEIJING','GUOAN'
STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
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可以采用替换的方式来修改备库pfile文件：
(1) 将BEIJING替换为中间变量TMP_BEIJING；
(2) 将GUOAN替换为BEIJING；
(3) 将TMP_BEIJING替换为GUOAN；

创建spfile，启动备库：

SYS@GUOAN> create spfile from pfile;

SYS@GUOAN> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 1068937216 bytes
Fixed Size                  2260088 bytes
Variable Size             671089544 bytes
Database Buffers          390070272 bytes
Redo Buffers                5517312 bytes
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info
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此处有报错，可以暂时忽略，因为备库还未有控制文件。

3.主备库文件传输

此处我们采用RMAN来将主库文件传至备库：

oracle@bill02 dbs]$ rman target / auxiliary sys/oracle@guoan

Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri Jul 29 09:46:22 2016
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
connected to target database: BEIJING (DBID=882855131)
connected to auxiliary database: BEIJING (not mounted)
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执行复制：

RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database;

Starting Duplicate Db at 29-JUL-16
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1
channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=10 device type=DISK

contents of Memory Script:
{
   backup as copy reuse
   targetfile  '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/orapwBEIJING' auxiliary format 
 '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/orapwGUOAN'   ;
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at 29-JUL-16
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=19 device type=DISK
Finished backup at 29-JUL-16

contents of Memory Script:
{
   backup as copy current controlfile for standby auxiliary format  '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control01.ctl';
   restore clone controlfile to  '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control02.ctl' from 
 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/control01.ctl';
}
executing Memory Script

Starting backup at 29-JUL-16
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
copying standby control file
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/snapcf_BEIJING.f tag=TAG20160729T094647 RECID=1 STAMP=918467209
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
Finished backup at 29-JUL-16

Starting restore at 29-JUL-16
using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1

channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: copied control file copy
Finished restore at 29-JUL-16

contents of Memory Script:
{
   sql clone 'alter database mount standby database';
}
executing Memory Script

sql statement: alter database mount standby database

contents of Memory Script:
{
   set newname for tempfile  1 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/temp01.dbf";
   switch clone tempfile all;
   set newname for datafile  1 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/system01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile  2 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/sysaux01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile  3 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/undotbs01.dbf";
   set newname for datafile  4 to 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/users01.dbf";
   backup as copy reuse
   datafile  1 auxiliary format 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/system01.dbf"   datafile 
 2 auxiliary format 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/sysaux01.dbf"   datafile 
 3 auxiliary format 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/undotbs01.dbf"   datafile 
 4 auxiliary format 
 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/users01.dbf"   ;
   sql 'alter system archive log current';
}
executing Memory Script

executing command: SET NEWNAME

renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/temp01.dbf in control file

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

executing command: SET NEWNAME

Starting backup at 29-JUL-16
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/system01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/system01.dbf tag=TAG20160729T094657
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:25
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/sysaux01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/sysaux01.dbf tag=TAG20160729T094657
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/undotbs01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/undotbs01.dbf tag=TAG20160729T094657
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/BEIJING/users01.dbf
output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/users01.dbf tag=TAG20160729T094657
channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
Finished backup at 29-JUL-16

sql statement: alter system archive log current

contents of Memory Script:
{
   switch clone datafile all;
}
executing Memory Script

datafile 1 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=1 STAMP=918381060 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/system01.dbf
datafile 2 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=2 STAMP=918381060 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/sysaux01.dbf
datafile 3 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=3 STAMP=918381060 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/undotbs01.dbf
datafile 4 switched to datafile copy
input datafile copy RECID=4 STAMP=918381060 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/GUOAN/users01.dbf
Finished Duplicate Db at 29-JUL-16
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回显所使用的文件传输脚本和过程。

此时从备库可以使用watch监控文件传输进度：

watch ls
Every 2.0s: ls              Thu Jul 28 09:51:41 2016

control01.ctl
control02.ctl
redo01.log
redo02.log
redo03.log
redo04.log
redo05.log
redo06.log
redo07.log
sysaux01.dbf
system01.dbf
undotbs01.dbf
users01.dbf
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传输完成，可以从备库查看，此时主备库数据文件、日志文件、参数文件保持一致：

oracle@bill01 GUOAN]$ ls -rlth
total 1.9G
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 501M Jul 28 09:50 system01.dbf
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 326M Jul 28 09:50 sysaux01.dbf
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 201M Jul 28 09:50 undotbs01.dbf
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:50 users01.dbf
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo01.log
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo02.log
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo03.log
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo04.log
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo05.log
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo06.log
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 101M Jul 28 09:51 redo07.log
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 9.1M Jul 28 09:51 control01.ctl
-rw-r-----. 1 oracle oinstall 9.1M Jul 28 09:51 control02.ctl
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4.验证主备库状态

此时查看备库状态，处于MOUNT，角色是物理备库：

SQL> select database_role, open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE    OPEN_MODE
---------------- --------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY MOUNTED

SQL> select status from v$instance;
STATUS
------------
MOUNTED
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此时主库状态，处于OPEN，可读写：

SYS@BEIJING> select database_role, open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE    OPEN_MODE
---------------- --------------------
PRIMARY          READ WRITE

SYS@BEIJING> select status from v$instance;
STATUS
------------
OPEN
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5.切换ADG

打开备库实时应用：

SQL> recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
Media recovery complete.

SQL> recover managed standby database cancel;
Media recovery complete.

SQL> alter database open;

SQL> select database_role, open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE    OPEN_MODE
---------------- --------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY READ ONLY
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其中disconnect from session表示后台执行，类似于shell的&。可以看出现在备库处于READ ONLY状态，不再是处于MOUNT不可使用的状态，即现在可以执行只读操作了。

继续：

SQL> recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
Media recovery complete.

SQL> select database_role, open_mode from v$database;
DATABASE_ROLE    OPEN_MODE
---------------- --------------------
PHYSICAL STANDBY READ ONLY WITH APPLY
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此时数据库状态时READ ONLY WITH APPLY，即只读且实时应用日志，通常所说的ADG，Active Data Guard。

READ ONLY WITH APPLY表示备库处于READ ONLY状态的同时可以接收主库传过来的日志文件并进行恢复，以便备库可以即时查看到主库的变化。

6.切换SNAPSHOT DATABASE

执行：

SQL> alter database recover managed standby database cancel;

SQL> alter database convert to snapshot standby;
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SNAPSHOT的原理是基于闪回数据原理，此时备库是可读写状态，可以用这种真实的生产环境进行一些无法在测试环境做的实验。使用完后，可以执行命令退回，SNAPSHOT期间对备库做的所有变更都会还原：

SQL> alter database convert to physical standby;

SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect;
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7.切换主库日志

通过主库手工切换日志，来看看备库是否实时接收应用了日志，可以看出此时备库的最新日志SEQUENCE#是15号：

SYS@BEIJING> alter system archive log current; 
System altered.

SYS@BEIJING> select sequence#, first_time, next_time from v$archived_log order by sequence#;
 SEQUENCE# FIRST_TIME         NEXT_TIME
---------- ------------------ ------------------
        13 29-JUL-16          29-JUL-16
        13 29-JUL-16          29-JUL-16
        14 29-JUL-16          29-JUL-16
        14 29-JUL-16          29-JUL-16
        15 29-JUL-16          29-JUL-16
        15 29-JUL-16          29-JUL-16
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此时查看备库，已经应用15号日志：

SQL> select sequence#, first_time, next_time from v$archived_log order by sequence#;
 SEQUENCE# FIRST_TIME         NEXT_TIME
---------- ------------------ ------------------
        12 29-JUL-16       29-JUL-16
        13 29-JUL-16       29-JUL-16
        14 29-JUL-16       29-JUL-16
        15 29-JUL-16       29-JUL-16
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8.设置归档日志删除策略

可以设置主库的归档日志应用至备库后再删除的策略，一方面保证了归档日志传输接收，另一方面可以有效控制归档日志文件的产生量大小。默认是没有任何删除策略：

[oracle@bill02 BEIJING]$ rman target /

Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri Jul 29 10:10:55 2016
Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
connected to target database: BEIJING (DBID=882855131)

RMAN> show all;

using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name BEIJING are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default
**CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO NONE; # default**
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/snapcf_BEIJING.f'; # default
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执行：

RMAN> CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO APPLIED ON ALL STANDBY;

new RMAN configuration parameters:
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO APPLIED ON ALL STANDBY;
new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored
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再次查看：

RMAN> show all;

RMAN configuration parameters for database with db_unique_name BEIJING are:
CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 1; # default
CONFIGURE BACKUP OPTIMIZATION OFF; # default
CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF; # default
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default
CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 1 BACKUP TYPE TO BACKUPSET; # default
CONFIGURE DATAFILE BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG BACKUP COPIES FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO 1; # default
CONFIGURE MAXSETSIZE TO UNLIMITED; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION FOR DATABASE OFF; # default
CONFIGURE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM 'AES128'; # default
CONFIGURE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM 'BASIC' AS OF RELEASE 'DEFAULT' OPTIMIZE FOR LOAD TRUE ; # default
**CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO APPLIED ON ALL STANDBY;**
CONFIGURE SNAPSHOT CONTROLFILE NAME TO '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.4/dbs/snapcf_BEIJING.f'; # default
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9.总结
Data Guard的手工搭建方式，如果理清思路，还是比较清晰的，我最开始做的时候，由于监听、连接串一系列问题，总是duplicate出错，但手工方式好就好在可以让你有调试排查的机会，因为每一步手工操作都有他的意义，过程可逆，若是图形操作，则相对封闭些。
另外，这里只是DG搭建的最基础方式，其实对于一套DG生产环境，还有很多预防性设置，之前参考过某些牛人的梳理，确实很详细，有些内容自己还未掌握，还需要继续学习。