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[Docker]二.Docker 镜像,仓库,容器介绍以及详解_docker 镜像库

作者：小小林熬夜学编程 | 2024-02-14 12:37:17

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docker 镜像库

一.Docker 镜像,容器,仓库的简单介绍

通俗来讲:镜像相当于VM虚拟机中的ios文件,容器相当于虚拟机系统,仓库相当于系统中的进程或者执行文件,容器是通过镜像创建的

 1.镜像

Docker 镜像就是一个 Linux 的文件系统（ Root FileSystem ），这个文件系统里面包含可以运行在 Linux 内核的程序以及相应的数据,这里要强调一下镜像的两个特征:
镜像是分层（Layer）的
        即一个镜像可以多个中间层组成，多个镜像可以共享同一中间层，也可以通过在镜像添加多一层来生成一个新的镜像
镜像是只读的（read-only）
         镜像在构建完成之后，便不可以再修改，而上面所说的添加一层构建新的镜像，这中间实际是通过创建一个临时的容器，在容器上增加或删除文件，从而形成新的镜像，因为容器是可以动态改变的

 2.容器

        类似 linux 系统环境， 运行和隔离应用 ,容器从镜像启动的时候， docker 会在镜像的最上一层创建一个可写层， 镜像本身是只读的 ，保持不变,容器与镜像的关系，就如同面向编程中
对象与类之间的关系。
        因为 容器是通过镜像来创建的 ，所以必须先有镜像才能创建容器，而生成的容器是一个独立于宿主机的隔离进程，并且有属于容器自己的网络和命名空间。
        前面介绍过，镜像由多个中间层（layer ）组成，生成的镜像是只读的，但容器却是可读
可写的，这是因为容器是在镜像上面添一层读写层（ writer/read layer ）来实现的，如下图所
示：

3.仓库（Repository） 

仓库（Repository）是集中存储镜像的地方 ，这里有个概念要区分一下，那就是 仓库 与 仓库
服务器 (Registry) 是两回事，像上面说的 Docker Hub ，就是 Docker 官方提供的一个仓库服务器，不过其实有时候不太需要太过区分这两个概念

公共仓库

公共仓库一般是指 Docker Hub ，前面已经多次介绍如何从 Docker Hub 获取镜像，除了获取镜像外，也可以将自己构建的镜像存放到 Docker Hub ，这样，别人也可以使用我们构建的镜像,不过要将镜像上传到 Docker Hub ，必须先在 Docker 的官方网站上注册一个账号，注册界面如下，按要求填写必要的信息就可以注册了

 私有仓库

有时候自己部门内部有一些镜像要共享时，如果直接导出镜像拿给别人又比较麻烦，使用像
Docker Hub 这样的公共仓库又不是很方便，这时候可以自己搭建属于自己的私有仓库服务，用于存储和分布自己的镜像

二.Docker 镜像以及仓库 

Docker 镜像就是一个 Linux 的文件系统（ Root FileSystem ），这个文件系统里面包含可以运行在 Linux 内核的程序以及相应的数据

1.docker search 搜索镜像

docker search centos

  1. [root@localhost containerd]# docker search --help
  2.  
  3. Usage:  docker search [OPTIONS] TERM
  4.  
  5. Search the Docker Hub for images
  6.  
  7. Options:
  8.   -f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided
  9.       --format string   Pretty-print search using a Go template
  10.       --limit int       Max number of search results (default 25)
  11.       --no-trunc        Don't truncate output
备注： -f STARS=3000 搜索 STARS 大于 3000 的镜像
搜索mysql  STARS 大于 3000的镜像  
  1. [root@localhost containerd]# docker search mysql -f STARS=3000
  2. NAME      DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
  3. mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   14530     [OK]       
  4. mariadb   MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   5550      [OK]

2.docker pull 下载镜像

下载docker pull centos最新的镜像

docker pull centos
  1. [root@localhost /]# docker pull centos
  2. Using default tag: latest
  3. latest: Pulling from library/centos
  4. 7a0437f04f83: Pull complete
  5. Digest: sha256:5528e8b1b1719d34604c87e11dcd1c0a20bedf46e83b5632cdeac91b8c04efc1
  6. Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
  7. docker.io/library/centos:latest
下载指定的tag的镜像:docker pull centos:8.3.2011 
  1. [root@localhost /]# docker pull centos:8.3.2011
  2. 8.3.2011: Pulling from library/centos
  3. Digest: sha256:5528e8b1b1719d34604c87e11dcd1c0a20bedf46e83b5632cdeac91b8c04efc1
  4. Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:8.3.2011
  5. docker.io/library/centos:8.3.2011

下载nginx镜像: nginx镜像中集成了一个linux操作系统,在操作系统中又集成了nginx,然后打包成一个nginx镜像,下载好nginx镜像后,然后启动该服务,就可以进行web服务操作了,实际上在下载nignx镜像的时候,其实不是一下子就下载好了的,而是一层一层地下载其他镜像,然后打包成nginx镜像

  1. root@localhost zph]# docker pull nginx
  2. Using default tag: latest
  3. latest: Pulling from library/nginx
  4. Digest: sha256:b4af4f8b6470febf45dc10f564551af682a802eda1743055a7dfc8332dffa595
  5. Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
  6. docker.io/library/nginx:latest

3.镜像结构

镜像结构:docker.io/library/centos:latest 
  1. [root@localhost containerd]# docker pull centos
  2. Using default tag: latest
  3. latest: Pulling from library/centos
  4. Digest: sha256:a27fd8080b517143cbbbab9dfb7c8571c40d67d534bbdee55bd6c473f432b177
  5. Status: Downloaded newer image for centos:latest
  6. docker.io/library/centos:latest

4.docker images 查看本地镜像

  1. [root@localhost containerd]# docker images
  2. REPOSITORY         TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  3. nginx              latest              bc649bab30d1   10 days ago     187MB
  4. hello-world        latest              9c7a54a9a43c   5 months ago    13.3kB
  5. centos             latest              5d0da3dc9764   2 years ago     231MB

5.docker tag 给镜像打标签

比如:下载了一个镜像,启动了这个容器,在这个容器中做了一些操作,然后就想把这个容器制作成自己的镜像,那么就需要给这个镜像打标签(相当于发布这个镜像,制作好这个镜像后,就可以把它发布到远程仓库了),给镜像打标签可以创建自己的镜像, 自定义镜像结构命名规则如下 : registry name/repository name/image name:tag name ,例如:docker.io/library/centos:latest 
  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker tag --help
  2.  
  3. Usage:  docker tag SOURCE_IMAGE[:TAG] TARGET_IMAGE[:TAG]
  4.  
  5. Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE

 对上述说明:

        SOURCE_IMAGE 镜像名   [:TAG] 镜像标签名

        TARGET_IMAGE 打包新的镜像名 [:TAG] 新镜像标签名

比如:把nginx镜像打包成一个新的镜像:

docker tag nginx  docker.io/zph/nginx:last 或者把nginx替换成对应的IMAGE ID,如: 

docker tag bc649bab30d1 docker.io/zph/nginx:v2

  1. root@localhost zph]# docker tag nginx  docker.io/zph/nginx:last
  2. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  3. REPOSITORY         TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  4. nginx              latest              bc649bab30d1   10 days ago     187MB
  5. zph/nginx          last                bc649bab30d1   10 days ago     187MB

6.把本地镜像推送到 dockerHub 仓库 

(1).需要在dockerHub上面注册一个账户

把打包好的镜像发布到远程(hub.docker.com官网)自己的账号下,需要有一个docker账号

(2).使用 docker login 本地登录 dockerHub 

  1. [root@localhost ~]# docker login
  2. Login with your Docker ID to push and pull images from Docker Hub. If you don't have
  3. a Docker ID, head over to https://hub.docker.com to create one. 
  4. Username: zph
  5. Password:
  6. WARNING! Your password will be stored unencrypted in /root/.docker/config.json. Configure a credential helper to remove this warning. See
  7. https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/login/#credentials-store
  8. Login Succeeded
登录成功后,会把账号信息保存到.docker/config.json中,查看保存的账户信息 
  1. [root@localhost ~]# cat .docker/config.json
  2. { 
  3. "auths": { 
  4.     "https://index.docker.io/v1/": 
  5.         { 
  6.         "auth": "aXR5aW5nOxxxzEyMzQ="
  7.         }
  8.     }
  9. }

(3).docker push 镜像名称 把本地镜像推送到远程

下载一个alpine的镜像演示，alpine是一个比较小的的 linux 镜像

  1. [root@localhost ~]# 下载alpine镜像
  2. [root@localhost ~]# docker pull alpine
  3. [root@localhost ~]# 打包alpine镜像
  4. [root@localhost ~]# docker tag d4ff818577bc docker.io/itying/alpine:v1.0.1
  5. [root@localhost ~]# docker tag d4ff818577bc docker.io/itying/alpine:latest
  6. [root@localhost ~]# 查看alpine镜像
  7. [root@localhost ~]# docker images | grep alpine
  8. itying/alpine v1.0.1 d4ff818577bc 4 weeks ago 5.6MB
  9. alpine 3.14.0 d4ff818577bc 4 weeks ago 5.6MB
  10. alpine latest d4ff818577bc 4 weeks ago 5.6MB
  11. [root@localhost ~]# 发布apline镜像到dockerHub
  12. [root@localhost ~]# docker push docker.io/itying/alpine:v1.0.1
  13. The push refers to repository [docker.io/itying/alpine]
  14. 72e830a4dff5: Mounted from library/alpine
  15. v1.0.1: digest: sha256:1775bebec23e1f3ce4869xxx26497d82f2ffca9
  16. d size: 528

7.docker rmi 删除镜像 

查看本地镜像 
  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  2. REPOSITORY         TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  3. nginx              latest              bc649bab30d1   10 days ago     187MB
  4. zph/nginx          last                bc649bab30d1   10 days ago     187MB
  5. zph/nginx          v2                  bc649bab30d1   10 days ago     187MB
  6. hello-world        latest              9c7a54a9a43c   5 months ago    13.3kB
  7. centos             latest              5d0da3dc9764   2 years ago     231MB

 删除对应的标签镜像:docker rmi 镜像名:版本,如下:

  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker rmi zph/nginx:v2
  2. Untagged: zph/nginx:v2
  3. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  4. REPOSITORY         TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  5. nginx              latest              bc649bab30d1   10 days ago     187MB
  6. zph/nginx          last                bc649bab30d1   10 days ago     187MB
  7. hello-world        latest              9c7a54a9a43c   5 months ago    13.3kB
  8. centos             latest              5d0da3dc9764   2 years ago     231MB

如果要删除IMAGE ID的镜像,则使用命令:docker rmi -f IMAGE ID, 如:

  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker rmi -f bc649bab30d1
  2. Untagged: nginx:latest
  3. Untagged: nginx@sha256:b4af4f8b6470febf45dc10f564551af682a802eda1743055a7dfc8332dffa595
  4. Untagged: zph/nginx:last
  5. Deleted: sha256:bc649bab30d150c10a84031a7f54c99a8c31069c7bc324a7899d7125d59cc973
  6. Deleted: sha256:c6f480996a203ed077606cce624f944b041449833e2db3f7d19fe22974fb965b
  7. Deleted: sha256:e4347a01432c5f4350b041632f5703c3dd47de2ec68547b9339d11ea44708389
  8. Deleted: sha256:9d40098fc19fdfff9c74fd3c2c0ff49bfda7d9d04b5d7806d0843d32055d769a
  9. Deleted: sha256:165ae0ef2ddd33b6d5a7f206633b9b0c30cd94ff18a4ed5c3aeb59bf28388526
  10. Deleted: sha256:06dabb44ac4d1f0b5544255e944f15a939178d77aff60a5b296e38bd8743efeb
  11. Deleted: sha256:ee220599571f649e0fb74b40db1615a4c9c1355ac912f9e70087b695617af352
  12. Deleted: sha256:cb4596cc145400fb1f2aa56d41516b39a366ecdee7bf3f9191116444aacd8c90
  13.  
  14. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  15. REPOSITORY         TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  16. hello-world        latest              9c7a54a9a43c   5 months ago    13.3kB
  17. centos             latest              5d0da3dc9764   2 years ago     231MB
这样就会删除IMAGE ID 为 bc649bab30d1的nginx 镜像了

三.Docker 容器

类似 linux 系统环境，运行和隔离应用, 容器从镜像启动的 时候， docker 会在 镜像的最上一
层 创建一个 可写层 ，镜像本身是 只读的 ，保持不变,容器与镜像的关系，就如同面向编程中对象与类之间的关系。
因为容器是通过镜像来创建的，所以必须先有镜像才能创建容器，而生成的容器是一个独立
于宿主机的隔离进程，并且有属于容器自己的网络和命名空间

1.查看所的容器 

查看所有运行的容器 
  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker ps
  2. CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                        COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS       PORTS                                                                                                                                                                                                     NAMES
  3. 757e72f3b32e   rabbitmq:3.7.16-management   "docker-entrypoint.s…"   22 months ago   Up 6 hours   0.0.0.0:4369->4369/tcp, :::4369->4369/tcp, 5671/tcp, 0.0.0.0:5672->5672/tcp, :::5672->5672/tcp, 0.0.0.0:15672->15672/tcp, :::15672->15672/tcp, 0.0.0.0:25672->25672/tcp, :::25672->25672/tcp, 15671/tcp   dockerlnmp_rabbitmq_1
  4. e526c3df36f7   dockerlnmp_mysql             "docker-entrypoint.s…"   22 months ago   Up 6 hours   0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, :::3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp

 查看所有容器(既有运行中的容器,也有被销毁的容器)

  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker ps -a
  2. CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                        COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS                       PORTS                                                                                                                                                                                                     NAMES
  3. 8def313c4f6e   hello-world                  "/hello"                 5 hours ago     Exited (0) 5 hours ago                                                                                                                                                                                                                 intelligent_johnson
  4. 59222227ec81   dockerlnmp_nginx             "/usr/bin/supervisor…"   21 months ago   Exited (0) 19 months ago                                                                                                                                                                                                               dockerlnmp_nginx_1
  5. ed99ccb1576f   dockerlnmp_php               "/usr/bin/supervisor…"   21 months ago   Exited (0) 19 months ago                                                                                                                                                                                                               dockerlnmp_php_1
  6. 9299363ef447   composer:latest              "/docker-entrypoint.…"   21 months ago   Exited (1) 19 months ago                                                                                                                                                                                                               composer
  7. b4791a6baf69   c6f915833fb6                 "/bin/sh -c 'mkdir -…"   21 months ago   Exited (1) 21 months ago

2.docker run 参数

  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker run --help
  2.  
  3. Usage:  docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
  4.  
  5. Run a command in a new container
  6.  
  7. Options:
  8.       --add-host list                  Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)
  9.   -a, --attach list                    Attach to STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR
  10.       --blkio-weight uint16            Block IO (relative weight), between 10 and 1000, or 0 to disable (default 0)
  11.       --blkio-weight-device list       Block IO weight (relative device weight) (default [])
  12.       --cap-add list                   Add Linux capabilities
  13.       --cap-drop list                  Drop Linux capabilities
  14.       --cgroup-parent string           Optional parent cgroup for the container
  15.       --cgroupns string                Cgroup namespace to use (host|private)
  16.                                        'host':    Run the container in the Docker host's cgroup namespace
  17.                                        'private': Run the container in its own private cgroup namespace
  18.                                        '':        Use the cgroup namespace as configured by the
  19.                                                   default-cgroupns-mode option on the daemon (default)
  20.       --cidfile string                 Write the container ID to the file
  21.       --cpu-period int                 Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
  22.       --cpu-quota int                  Limit CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
  23.       --cpu-rt-period int              Limit CPU real-time period in microseconds
  24.       --cpu-rt-runtime int             Limit CPU real-time runtime in microseconds
  25.   -c, --cpu-shares int                 CPU shares (relative weight)
  26.       --cpus decimal                   Number of CPUs
  27.       --cpuset-cpus string             CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
  28.       --cpuset-mems string             MEMs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
  29.   -d, --detach                         Run container in background and print container ID
  30.       --detach-keys string             Override the key sequence for detaching a container
  31.       --device list                    Add a host device to the container
  32.       --device-cgroup-rule list        Add a rule to the cgroup allowed devices list
  33.       --device-read-bps list           Limit read rate (bytes per second) from a device (default [])
  34.       --device-read-iops list          Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (default [])
  35.       --device-write-bps list          Limit write rate (bytes per second) to a device (default [])
  36.       --device-write-iops list         Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (default [])
  37.       --disable-content-trust          Skip image verification (default true)
  38.       --dns list                       Set custom DNS servers
  39.       --dns-option list                Set DNS options
  40.       --dns-search list                Set custom DNS search domains
  41.       --domainname string              Container NIS domain name
  42.       --entrypoint string              Overwrite the default ENTRYPOINT of the image
  43.   -e, --env list                       Set environment variables
  44.       --env-file list                  Read in a file of environment variables
  45.       --expose list                    Expose a port or a range of ports
  46.       --gpus gpu-request               GPU devices to add to the container ('all' to pass all GPUs)
  47.       --group-add list                 Add additional groups to join
  48.       --health-cmd string              Command to run to check health
  49.       --health-interval duration       Time between running the check (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
  50.       --health-retries int             Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
  51.       --health-start-period duration   Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
  52.       --health-timeout duration        Maximum time to allow one check to run (ms|s|m|h) (default 0s)
  53.       --help                           Print usage
  54.   -h, --hostname string                Container host name
  55.       --init                           Run an init inside the container that forwards signals and reaps processes
  56.   -i, --interactive                    Keep STDIN open even if not attached
  57.       --ip string                      IPv4 address (e.g., 172.30.100.104)
  58.       --ip6 string                     IPv6 address (e.g., 2001:db8::33)
  59.       --ipc string                     IPC mode to use
  60.       --isolation string               Container isolation technology
  61.       --kernel-memory bytes            Kernel memory limit
  62.   -l, --label list                     Set meta data on a container
  63.       --label-file list                Read in a line delimited file of labels
  64.       --link list                      Add link to another container
  65.       --link-local-ip list             Container IPv4/IPv6 link-local addresses
  66.       --log-driver string              Logging driver for the container
  67.       --log-opt list                   Log driver options
  68.       --mac-address string             Container MAC address (e.g., 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33)
  69.   -m, --memory bytes                   Memory limit
  70.       --memory-reservation bytes       Memory soft limit
  71.       --memory-swap bytes              Swap limit equal to memory plus swap: '-1' to enable unlimited swap
  72.       --memory-swappiness int          Tune container memory swappiness (0 to 100) (default -1)
  73.       --mount mount                    Attach a filesystem mount to the container
  74.       --name string                    Assign a name to the container
  75.       --network network                Connect a container to a network
  76.       --network-alias list             Add network-scoped alias for the container
  77.       --no-healthcheck                 Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK
  78.       --oom-kill-disable               Disable OOM Killer
  79.       --oom-score-adj int              Tune host's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
  80.       --pid string                     PID namespace to use
  81.       --pids-limit int                 Tune container pids limit (set -1 for unlimited)
  82.       --platform string                Set platform if server is multi-platform capable
  83.       --privileged                     Give extended privileges to this container
  84.   -p, --publish list                   Publish a container's port(s) to the host
  85.   -P, --publish-all                    Publish all exposed ports to random ports
  86.       --pull string                    Pull image before running ("always"|"missing"|"never") (default "missing")
  87.       --read-only                      Mount the container's root filesystem as read only
  88.       --restart string                 Restart policy to apply when a container exits (default "no")
  89.       --rm                             Automatically remove the container when it exits
  90.       --runtime string                 Runtime to use for this container
  91.       --security-opt list              Security Options
  92.       --shm-size bytes                 Size of /dev/shm
  93.       --sig-proxy                      Proxy received signals to the process (default true)
  94.       --stop-signal string             Signal to stop a container (default "SIGTERM")
  95.       --stop-timeout int               Timeout (in seconds) to stop a container
  96.       --storage-opt list               Storage driver options for the container
  97.       --sysctl map                     Sysctl options (default map[])
  98.       --tmpfs list                     Mount a tmpfs directory
  99.   -t, --tty                            Allocate a pseudo-TTY
  100.       --ulimit ulimit                  Ulimit options (default [])
  101.   -u, --user string                    Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])
  102.       --userns string                  User namespace to use
  103.       --uts string                     UTS namespace to use
  104.   -v, --volume list                    Bind mount a volume
  105.       --volume-driver string           Optional volume driver for the container
  106.       --volumes-from list              Mount volumes from the specified container(s)
  107.   -w, --workdir string                 Working directory inside the container
常用命令如下:
docker run:
        创建一个新的容器并运行一个命令
        docker run 是日常用的最频繁用的命令之一，同样也是较为复杂的命令之一
命令格式：
         docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE [COMMAND] [ARG...]
OPTIONS :选项
        -i :表示启动一个可交互的容器，并持续打开标准输入
        -t: 表示使用终端关联到容器的标准输入输出上
        -d :表示容器放置后台运行
        --rm:退出后即删除容器
        --name :表示定义容器唯一名称
        -p 映射端口
        -v 指定路径挂载数据卷
        -e 运行容器传递环境变量
IMAGE :
        表示要运行的镜像
COMMAND :
        表示启动容器时要运行的命令

3.-it 启动一个交互式容器

docker run 启动一个交互式容器在容器内执行/bin/bash 命令:

docker run -it --name centos7 centos /bin/bash 或者 docker run -it  --name centos7 5d0da3dc9764  /bin/bash 

5d0da3dc9764   为centos镜像的IMAGE ID, --name 给这个容器命名

  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  2. REPOSITORY         TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  3. hello-world        latest              9c7a54a9a43c   5 months ago    13.3kB
  4. centos             latest              5d0da3dc9764   2 years ago     231MB
  5. [root@localhost zph]# docker run -it --name centos7 9c7a54a9a43c    /bin/bash
  6. [root@8780efa9cf48 /]# ls
  7. bin  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  lost+found  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

可以在容器中执行操作命令,如:ls cat,还可以在容器中安装一些软件,相当于把容器当作一个操作系统,只不过这个操作系统是一个比较精简的操作系统而已 

  1. [root@0f0b83575aa4 /]# 进入容器后查看容器的IP地址
  2. [root@0f0b83575aa4 /]# ifconfig
  3. bash: ifconfig: command not found
  4.  
  5. #s说明没有这个命令,使用yum安装命令操作
  6. [root@0f0b83575aa4 /]# yum install net-tools
  7. Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, ovl
  8. Determining fastest mirrors
  9.  * base: mirrors.aliyun.com
  10.  * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
  11.  * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
  12.  
  13. ...
  14.  
  15. #安装成功后,使用ifconfig查看就可以了
  16. [root@0f0b83575aa4 /]# ifconfig
  17. eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
  18.         inet 172.17.0.2  netmask 255.255.0.0  broadcast 172.17.255.255
  19.         ether 02:42:ac:11:00:02  txqueuelen 0  (Ethernet)
  20.         RX packets 17779  bytes 32924504 (31.3 MiB)
  21.         RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
  22.         TX packets 8464  bytes 495661 (484.0 KiB)
  23.         TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
  24.  
  25. lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
  26.         inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
  27.         loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
  28.         RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
  29.         RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
  30.         TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
  31.         TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

 退出容器

        exit: 容器停止并退出

        ctrl+p+q：容器不停止退出

4.--rm 启动一个退出即删除容器 

创建一个非交互式的容器用完就删除,也就是退出容器后就销毁 
docker run --rm centos7 /bin/bash
创建一个交互式的容器用完就删 
docker run -it --rm centos7 /bin/bash

exit 退出后,执行命令docker ps -a,发现上面的centos7已经被销毁了,没有这个记录

5.-d 启动一个后台容器

开启一个后台交互的容器，注意启动的时候加上-it,如果不加的话 docker 启动容器会自动停

止,也就是说,加上-d后,就是启动这个容器,然后在后台运行,不进入这个容器,eg: 
  1. # 启动一个centos容器,并命名,执行/bin/bash,在后台运行,不进入容器内部
  2. [root@localhost zph]# docker run -it --name centos7-bak -d eeb6ee3f44bd /bin/bash
  3. # 该命令执行后,出现下面字符串
  4. 48830cb9e3177724a977a0ba1d6f0a1d06ceca016a148a7e9358bab9da3fe652
  5. [root@localhost zph]# 
  6. #查看容器:发现存在cents7-bak这个容器,说明了上面docker run 命令的正确性
  7. [root@localhost zph]# docker ps
  8. CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                        COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                                                                                                                                                                                                     NAMES
  9. 48830cb9e317   eeb6ee3f44bd                 "/bin/bash"              15 seconds ago   Up 13 seconds                                                                                                                                                                                                             centos7-bak

 6.exec 进入置为后台已经启动的容器

进入一个容器可以使用 docker exec 或者 docker attac,用得最多的是docker exec这个命令,文档如下:     
  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker exec --help
  2.  
  3. Usage:  docker exec [OPTIONS] CONTAINER COMMAND [ARG...]
  4.  
  5. Run a command in a running container
  6.  
  7. Options:
  8.   -d, --detach               Detached mode: run command in the background
  9.       --detach-keys string   Override the key sequence for detaching a container
  10.   -e, --env list             Set environment variables
  11.       --env-file list        Read in a file of environment variables
  12.   -i, --interactive          Keep STDIN open even if not attached
  13.       --privileged           Give extended privileges to the command
  14.   -t, --tty                  Allocate a pseudo-TTY
  15.   -u, --user string          Username or UID (format: <name|uid>[:<group|gid>])
  16.   -w, --workdir string       Working directory inside the container

 docker attach文档:

  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker attach --help
  2.  
  3. Usage:  docker attach [OPTIONS] CONTAINER
  4.  
  5. Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
  6.  
  7. Options:
  8.       --detach-keys string   Override the key sequence for detaching a container
  9.       --no-stdin             Do not attach STDIN
  10.       --sig-proxy            Proxy all received signals to the process (default true)

 两个命令的区别：

        docker exec： 进入容器开启一个新的终端（常用） 执行 exit 退出的时候不会停止容器,使用docker ps 查看时,容器存在,不会被销毁
        docker attach： 进入容器正在执行的终端 exit 退出会停止容器,docker ps查看时,容器不存在,已经被销毁了 
  1. #查看正在运行的容器
  2. []root@localhost zph]# docker ps
  3. CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                        COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS          PORTS                                                                                                                                                                                                     NAMES
  4. 48830cb9e317   eeb6ee3f44bd                 "/bin/bash"              12 minutes ago   Up 12 minutes                                                                                                                                                                                                             centos7-bak
  5. #进入容器,开启一个终端
  6. [root@localhost zph]# docker exec -it 48830cb9e317  /bin/bash

7.start 启动 stop 停止 restart 重启容器 exit 退出容器 

  1. #docker ps -a: 查看所有容器(包括正在运行的以及被销毁的)
  2. #docker start: 容器名/容器id 启动容器
  3. #docker stop: 容器名/容器id 停止容器
  4. #docker restart: 容器名/容器id 重启容器
  5. #退出容器
  6. # exit: 容器停止并退出
  7. # ctrl+p+q：容器不停止退出

8.删除容器

  1. #docker rm 容器名/容器id :删除一个已经停止的容器,如果删除的容器在运行中,会弹出一个警告
  2. #docker rm -f 容器名/容器id :强制删除一个容器,不管是否在运行
  3. #docker rm -f $(docker ps -q) :删除所有容器()docker ps -q: 获取容器id)
  4. #docker rm $(docker ps -qf status=exited) :根据容器的状态，删除 Exited 状态的容器(docker ps -qf status=exited:筛选获取status=exited的容器id)

9.docker ps讲解

  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker ps  --help
  2.  
  3. Usage:  docker ps [OPTIONS]
  4.  
  5. List containers
  6.  
  7. Options:
  8.   -a, --all             Show all containers (default shows just running):展示所有容器
  9.   -f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided:筛选
  10.       --format string   Pretty-print containers using a Go template
  11.   -n, --last int        Show n last created containers (includes all states) (default -1)
  12.   -l, --latest          Show the latest created container (includes all states)
  13.       --no-trunc        Don't truncate output
  14.   -q, --quiet           Only display container IDs:展示容器id
  15.   -s, --size            Display total file sizes

10查看容器操作日志

  1. #docker logs 帮助文档
  2. [root@localhost zph]# docker logs --help
  3.  
  4. Usage:  docker logs [OPTIONS] CONTAINER
  5.  
  6. Fetch the logs of a container
  7.  
  8. Options:
  9.       --details        Show extra details provided to logs
  10.   -f, --follow         Follow log output: 跟踪日志输出
  11.       --since string   Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37Z) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes) :显示某个开始时间的所有日志
  12.   -n, --tail string    Number of lines to show from the end of the logs (default "all"):仅列出最新 N 条容器日
  13.   -t, --timestamps     Show timestamps:显示时间戳
  14.       --until string   Show logs before a timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37Z) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
  15.  
  16. #运行容器,给容器取一个别名,并进入容器的bash
  17. [root@localhost zph]# docker run -it --name centos7 eeb6ee3f44bd /bin/bash
  18. [root@63b354d40a1a /]# 
  19. [root@63b354d40a1a /]# cd /home/
  20. [root@63b354d40a1a home]# ll
  21. total 0
  22. [root@63b354d40a1a home]# mkdir git
  23. [root@63b354d40a1a home]# cd git/
  24. [root@63b354d40a1a git]# touch text.txt
  25. [root@63b354d40a1a git]# ll
  26. total 0
  27. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 24 15:26 text.txt
  28. #执行ctrl+q+p:退出不停止容器操作
  29. [root@63b354d40a1a git]# ^P[root@localhost zph]#
  30. #查看正在运行的容器
  31. [root@localhost zph]# docker ps
  32. CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED              STATUS              PORTS     NAMES
  33. 63b354d40a1a   eeb6ee3f44bd   "/bin/bash"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute             centos7
  34. #查看进入容器后的操作日志
  35. [root@localhost zph]# docker logs 63b354d40a1a
  36. [root@63b354d40a1a /]# 
  37. [root@63b354d40a1a /]# cd /home/
  38. [root@63b354d40a1a home]# ll
  39. total 0
  40. [root@63b354d40a1a home]# mkdir git
  41. [root@63b354d40a1a home]# cd git/
  42. [root@63b354d40a1a git]# touch text.txt
  43. [root@63b354d40a1a git]# ll
  44. total 0
  45. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 24 15:26 text.txt
  46. [root@localhost zph]#

11.docker commit 容器转换为镜像

镜像是没有写入权限的，但是可以修改容器把容器制作为镜像,通过镜像启动一个容器 给容器写入内容,安装相关的软件,然后把这个容器转换为镜像,然后打包上传到hub,别人就可以使用该镜像了,以alpine为例:

  1. #拉取alpine镜像
  2. [root@localhost zph]# docker pull alpine
  3. Using default tag: latest
  4. latest: Pulling from library/alpine
  5. 96526aa774ef: Pull complete 
  6. Digest: sha256:eece025e432126ce23f223450a0326fbebde39cdf496a85d8c016293fc851978
  7. Status: Downloaded newer image for alpine:latest
  8. docker.io/library/alpine:latest
  9.  
  10. #查看是否存在alpine镜像
  11. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  12. REPOSITORY         TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  13. alpine             latest              8ca4688f4f35   3 weeks ago     7.34MB
  14.  
  15. #运行alpine镜像,启动容器,并给容器命名,执行/bin/bash命令
  16. [root@localhost zph]# docker run -it --name myalpine 8ca4688f4f35 /bin/bash
  17. docker: Error response from daemon: OCI runtime create failed: container_linux.go:380: starting container process caused: exec: "/bin/bash": stat /bin/bash: no such file or directory: unknown.
  18. #上面报错了: 提示没有/bin/bash这个命令
  19.  
  20. #重新启动容器,执行/bin/sh命令
  21. [root@localhost zph]# docker run -it --name myalpine 8ca4688f4f35 /bin/sh
  22. docker: Error response from daemon: Conflict. The container name "/myalpine" is already in use by container "959ece20098efb44b3c1744bb5df49a4d4caa78c362fd0eacc22fc53494f9f65". You have to remove (or rename) that container to be able to reuse that name.
  23. #还是报错了:提示容器已经存在,容器名称存在了
  24.  
  25. #通过docker ps -a 查看,果然刚才启动的容器存在,解决办法:删除这个容器
  26. root@localhost zph]# docker ps -a
  27. CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED          STATUS       PORTS     NAMES
  28. 959ece20098e   8ca4688f4f35   "/bin/bash"              40 seconds ago   Created                myalpine
  29.  
  30. #删除容器
  31. [root@localhost zph]# docker rm 959ece20098e
  32. 959ece20098e
  33.  
  34. #重新执行镜像,启动容器,并执行/bin/sh 命令,然后在容器中写入内容,退出
  35. [root@localhost zph]# docker run -it --name myalpine 8ca4688f4f35 /bin/sh
  36. / # cd root/
  37. ~ # ls
  38. ~ # echo test docker commit > test.txt
  39. ~ # ls
  40. test.txt
  41. ~ # exit
  42.  
  43. #查看容器:发现myalpine已经退出,因为执行了exit,没问题
  44. [root@localhost zph]# docker ps -a
  45. CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
  46. c37dce69c265   8ca4688f4f35   "/bin/sh"                About a minute ago   Exited (0) 22 seconds ago             myalpine
  47.  
  48. #把myalpine制作成镜像,使用docker commit 命令
  49. #查看docker commit命令文档: docker commit [参数:-a,-c,...] 容器名/容器id 镜像名[:版本]
  50. [root@localhost zph]# docker commit --help
  51.  
  52. Usage:  docker commit [OPTIONS] CONTAINER [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]
  53.  
  54. Create a new image from a container's changes
  56. Options:
  57.   -a, --author string    Author (e.g., "John Hannibal Smith <hannibal@a-team.com>")
  58.   -c, --change list      Apply Dockerfile instruction to the created image
  59.   -m, --message string   Commit message
  60.   -p, --pause            Pause container during commit (default true)
  63. #制作镜像
  64. [root@localhost zph]# docker commit c37dce69c265 docker.io/library/myalpine:v1
  65. sha256:dd14c18efe091413581205f414dacca80d954e85cfb28208e7e610e1fb3c4f6e
  66. #查看是否制作镜像成功
  67. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  68. REPOSITORY                       TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED              SIZE
  69. myalpine                         v1                  dd14c18efe09   14 seconds ago       7.34MB
  70. #上面存在myalpine:v1,说明制作镜像成功了
  72. #验证镜像: 运行镜像,开启这个容器
  73. [root@localhost zph]# docker run -it -d --name myalpine.v1 dd14c18efe09 /bin/sh
  74. cde912eb360c67b8becd8d70562929b08205440f8ba552b6eea80e51ebb20f78
  75. #查看这个容器是否启动
  76. [root@localhost zph]# docker ps
  77. CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
  78. cde912eb360c   dd14c18efe09   "/bin/sh"     9 seconds ago   Up 5 seconds             myalpine.v1
  80. #进入容器验证
  81. [root@localhost zph]# docker exec -it cde912eb360c /bin/sh
  82. / # cd root/
  83. ~ # ls
  84. test.txt
  85. ~ # cat test.txt 
  86. test docker commit
  87. ~ # exit
  88. #里面有创建的text.txt,说明镜像创建成功

12.镜像的导入导出

可以把制作好的镜像发布到 dockerHub上，也可以把制作好的镜像导出发给别人

  1. #查看所有镜像
  2. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  3. REPOSITORY                       TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  4. myalpine                         v1                  dd14c18efe09   14 hours ago    7.34MB
  5.  
  6. #导出镜像
  7. [root@localhost zph]# docker save myalpine > myalpine.tar
  8. [root@localhost zph]# ll
  9. 总用量 7464
  10. drwxr-xr-x. 2 zph  zph        6 12月 23 2021 公共
  11. drwxr-xr-x. 2 zph  zph        6 12月 23 2021 模板
  12. drwxr-xr-x. 2 zph  zph        6 12月 23 2021 视频
  13. drwxr-xr-x. 2 zph  zph        6 12月 23 2021 图片
  14. drwxr-xr-x. 2 zph  zph        6 12月 23 2021 文档
  15. drwxr-xr-x. 2 zph  zph        6 12月 23 2021 下载
  16. drwxr-xr-x. 2 zph  zph        6 12月 23 2021 音乐
  17. drwxr-xr-x. 2 zph  zph        6 12月 23 2021 桌面
  18. -rw-r--r--  1 root root 7641600 10月 25 07:26 myalpine.tar
  19.  
  20. #删除镜像
  21. [root@localhost zph]# docker rmi dd14c18efe09
  22.  
  23. #查看所有镜像
  24. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  25. REPOSITORY                       TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  26.  
  27. #导入镜像
  28. [root@localhost zph]# docker load < myalpine.tar 
  29. Loaded image: myalpine:v1
  30.  
  31. #查看所有镜像
  32. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  33. REPOSITORY                       TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  34. myalpine                         v1                  dd14c18efe09   14 hours ago    7.34MB
  35.  
  36. #校验镜像是否成功
  37. [root@localhost zph]# docker run -it --name myalpine.v1 dd14c18efe09 /bin/bash
  38. #不报错就成功了

13.docker cp 实现数据拷贝

docker cp :用于容器与主机之间的数据拷贝

  1. [root@localhost zph]# docker cp --help
  2.  
  3. Usage:  docker cp [OPTIONS] CONTAINER:SRC_PATH DEST_PATH|-
  4. 	docker cp [OPTIONS] SRC_PATH|- CONTAINER:DEST_PATH
  5.  
  6. Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
  7.  
  8. Use '-' as the source to read a tar archive from stdin
  9. and extract it to a directory destination in a container.
  10. Use '-' as the destination to stream a tar archive of a
  11. container source to stdout.
  12.  
  13. Options:
  14.   -a, --archive       Archive mode (copy all uid/gid information)
  15.   -L, --follow-link   Always follow symbol link in SRC_PATH

  1. #查看目录
  2. [root@localhost zph]# pwd
  3. /home/zph
  4.  
  5. #创建文件夹
  6. [root@localhost zph]# mkdir www
  7. [root@localhost zph]# cd www/
  8. [root@localhost www]# ll
  9. 总用量 0
  10.  
  11. #创建文件并写入数据
  12. [root@localhost www]# echo test.docker > test.txt
  13. [root@localhost www]# ll
  14. 总用量 4
  15. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12 10月 25 07:51 test.txt
  16. [root@localhost www]# cd ..
  17.  
  18. #查看images
  19. [root@localhost zph]# docker images
  20. REPOSITORY                       TAG                 IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
  21. centos                           7                   eeb6ee3f44bd   2 years ago     204MB
  22.  
  23. #查看运行的容器
  24. [root@localhost zph]# docker ps
  25. CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED        STATUS        PORTS     NAMES
  26. 63b354d40a1a   eeb6ee3f44bd   "/bin/bash"   23 hours ago   Up 23 hours             centos7
  27.  
  28. #进入容器 
  29. [root@localhost zph]# docker exec -it 63b354d40a1a /bin/bash
  30.  
  31. #查看/下是否存在www目录:发现不存在该目录
  32. [root@63b354d40a1a /]# ll
  33. total 12
  34. -rw-r--r--   1 root root 12114 Nov 13  2020 anaconda-post.log
  35. lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     7 Nov 13  2020 bin -> usr/bin
  36. drwxr-xr-x   5 root root   360 Oct 24 15:25 dev
  37. drwxr-xr-x   1 root root    66 Oct 24 15:24 etc
  38. drwxr-xr-x   1 root root    17 Oct 24 15:26 home
  39. lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     7 Nov 13  2020 lib -> usr/lib
  40. lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     9 Nov 13  2020 lib64 -> usr/lib64
  41. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 media
  42. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 mnt
  43. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 opt
  44. dr-xr-xr-x 255 root root     0 Oct 24 15:24 proc
  45. dr-xr-x---   2 root root   114 Nov 13  2020 root
  46. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root   148 Nov 13  2020 run
  47. lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     8 Nov 13  2020 sbin -> usr/sbin
  48. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 srv
  49. dr-xr-xr-x  13 root root     0 Oct 24 15:24 sys
  50. drwxrwxrwt   7 root root   132 Nov 13  2020 tmp
  51. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root   155 Nov 13  2020 usr
  52. drwxr-xr-x  18 root root   238 Nov 13  2020 var
  53.  
  54. #退出
  55. [root@63b354d40a1a /]# exit
  56. exit
  57.  
  58. #cp /home/zph/www/目录下的所有文件到容器的/下
  59. [root@localhost zph]# docker cp /home/zph/www/ 63b354d40a1a:/
  60.  
  61. #进入容器查看是否cp成功
  62. [root@localhost zph]# docker exec -it 63b354d40a1a /bin/bash
  63.  
  64. #ll查看:发现存在www,说明cp成功了
  65. [root@63b354d40a1a /]# ll
  66. total 12
  67. -rw-r--r--   1 root root 12114 Nov 13  2020 anaconda-post.log
  68. lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     7 Nov 13  2020 bin -> usr/bin
  69. drwxr-xr-x   5 root root   360 Oct 24 15:25 dev
  70. drwxr-xr-x   1 root root    66 Oct 24 15:24 etc
  71. drwxr-xr-x   1 root root    17 Oct 24 15:26 home
  72. lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     7 Nov 13  2020 lib -> usr/lib
  73. lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     9 Nov 13  2020 lib64 -> usr/lib64
  74. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 media
  75. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 mnt
  76. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 opt
  77. dr-xr-xr-x 255 root root     0 Oct 24 15:24 proc
  78. dr-xr-x---   1 root root    27 Oct 25 14:53 root
  79. drwxr-xr-x  11 root root   148 Nov 13  2020 run
  80. lrwxrwxrwx   1 root root     8 Nov 13  2020 sbin -> usr/sbin
  81. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     6 Apr 11  2018 srv
  82. dr-xr-xr-x  13 root root     0 Oct 24 15:24 sys
  83. drwxrwxrwt   7 root root   132 Nov 13  2020 tmp
  84. drwxr-xr-x  13 root root   155 Nov 13  2020 usr
  85. drwxr-xr-x  18 root root   238 Nov 13  2020 var
  86. drwxr-xr-x   2 root root    22 Oct 25 14:51 www
  87. [root@63b354d40a1a /]# cd www/
  88. [root@63b354d40a1a www]# ll
  89. total 4
  90. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12 Oct 25 14:51 test.txt
  91.  
  92. #在www下新建文件并写入数据,然后退出
  93. [root@63b354d40a1a www]# echo test2.com > test2.txt
  94. [root@63b354d40a1a www]# exit
  95. exit
  96.  
  97. #cp容器中的www下的所有文件到系统的/var下
  98. [root@localhost zph]# docker cp 63b354d40a1a:www/ /var
  99.  
  100. #查看是否cp成功:发现成功了
  101. [root@localhost zph]# ll /var/www/
  102. 总用量 8
  103. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10 10月 25 07:54 test2.txt
  104. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12 10月 25 07:51 test.txt
  105. [root@localhost zph]#

[上一节][Docker]一.Docker 简介与安装

[下一节][Docker]三.Docker 部署nginx,以及映射端口,挂载数据卷 

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