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Linux-管道与输入输出重定向
作者：代码探险家 | 2024-07-31 23:35:32
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Linux-管道与输入输出重定向
12. 管道与输入输出重定向
# 输入设备 input device 鼠标/键盘 # 输出设备 output device 显示器 $# 计算机信息输入(只要输入，计算机都认为是正确的) stdin - standard input device 计算机信息输出 1. 正确输出 stdout - standard output device 标准正确输出设备 2. 错误输出 stderr - standard error device 标准错误输出设备 # [zy@localhost ~]$ ls # 输入正确 1234.txt Documents Music Public zt.txt zy.cpp zy.mp3 # 输出正确 Desktop Downloads Pictures Videos zy.c zy.html zy.txt # 输出正确 [zy@localhost ~]$ [zy@localhost ~]$ LS # 计算机认为输入正确 bash: LS: command not found... # 输出错误 Similar command is: 'ls' # 输出错误 [zy@localhost ~]$ 在linux中，一切皆文件。 (输入设备 | 输出设备) [zy@localhost ~]$ ls /dev/ 0 stdin - standard input device 1 stdout - standard output device 2 stderr - standard error device 如果信息输出到了stdout/stderr设备，信息会从屏幕中显示出来 [zy@localhost ~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Public Videos [zy@localhost ~]$ ls > /dev/stdout # 默认输出 Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Public Videos [zy@localhost ~]$ ls >/dev/stderr Desktop Documents Downloads Music Pictures Public Videos [zy@localhost ~]$ ls > /dev/null [zy@localhost ~]$ # 在某些场景下不想让别人看到输出信息 [root@localhost zy]# echo "Epotywbo" | passwd --stdin zy (默认输出到/dev/stdout) Changing password for user zy. passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. [root@localhost zy]# [root@localhost zy]# echo "Epotywbo" | passwd --stdin zy > /dev/null [root@localhost zy]# # & 将所有结果 [zy@localhost ~]$ date &> output01 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output01 Tue Jan 31 23:37:14 CST 2023 [zy@localhost ~]$ Date &> output01 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output01 bash: Date: command not found... Similar command is: 'date' [zy@localhost ~]$ # null(黑洞设备)不输出正确或者错误信息 [zy@localhost ~]$ ls Desktop Documents Downloads Music output01 Pictures Public Videos [zy@localhost ~]$ LS > /dev/null bash: LS: command not found... Similar command is: 'ls' [zy@localhost ~]$ LS 2> /dev/null [zy@localhost ~]$ more /dev/null [zy@localhost ~]$
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12.1 输出重定向
$# 将标准正确输出重定向输出到文件 [zy@localhost ~]$ ls > output01 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output01 Desktop Documents Downloads Music output01 Pictures Public Videos [zy@localhost ~]$ # > (正确输出)覆盖重定向 [zy@localhost ~]$ date Tue Jan 31 23:27:09 CST 2023 [zy@localhost ~]$ date > /dev/stdout Tue Jan 31 23:27:30 CST 2023 [zy@localhost ~]$ date > output01 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output01 Tue Jan 31 23:27:39 CST 2023 [zy@localhost ~]$ date > output01 # 覆盖了 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output01 Tue Jan 31 23:27:59 CST 2023 [zy@localhost ~]$ # >> (正确输出)追加重定向 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output01 Tue Jan 31 23:27:59 CST 2023 [zy@localhost ~]$ date >> output01 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output01 Tue Jan 31 23:27:59 CST 2023 Tue Jan 31 23:30:10 CST 2023 [zy@localhost ~]$ #************************************************************************************* > (错误输出)覆盖重定向 >> (错误输出)追加重定向 [zy@localhost ~]$ Date > output01 bash: Date: command not found... Similar command is: 'date' [zy@localhost ~]$ more output01 [zy@localhost ~]$ [zy@localhost ~]$ Date 2> output01 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output01 bash: Date: command not found... Similar command is: 'date' [zy@localhost ~]$ # 结果转换重定向(正确转换) [zy@localhost ~]$ LS bash: LS: command not found... Similar command is: 'ls' [zy@localhost ~]$ [zy@localhost ~]$ LS >> output02 bash: LS: command not found... Similar command is: 'ls' [zy@localhost ~]$ LS >> output02 2>&1 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output02 bash: LS: command not found... Similar command is: 'ls' [zy@localhost ~]$ # 结果转换重定向(错误转换) [zy@localhost ~]$ ls 2> output03 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output03 [zy@localhost ~]$ ls 2> output03 1>&2 [zy@localhost ~]$ more output03 Desktop Documents Downloads Music output01 output02 output03 Pictures Public Videos [zy@localhost ~]$ # 实战 [zy@localhost ~]$ find / -name "useradd" 2> /dev/null /etc/default/useradd /usr/sbin/useradd /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/useradd [zy@localhost ~]$ [zy@localhost ~]$ find / -name useradd 2> ~/find01_false >~/find01_true [zy@localhost ~]$ ls Desktop Downloads find01_true Public Documents find01_false Music Pictures Videos [zy@localhost ~]$
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12.2 输入重定向
linux 内部邮件 [zy@localhost ~]$ mail -s "zy_varning_01" root I am zy . EOT [zy@localhost ~]$ [root@localhost ~]# You have mail in /var/spool/mail/root [root@localhost ~]# mail Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help. "/var/spool/mail/root": 1 message 1 new >N 1 zy Wed Feb 1 00:18 19/611 "zy_varning_01" & 1 Message 1: From zy@localhost.localdomain Wed Feb 1 00:18:00 2023 Return-Path: <zy@localhost.localdomain> X-Original-To: root Delivered-To: root@localhost.localdomain Date: Wed, 01 Feb 2023 00:18:00 +0800 To: root@localhost.localdomain Subject: zy_varning_01 User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii From: zy@localhost.localdomain (zy) Status: R I am zy & q Held 1 message in /var/spool/mail/root You have mail in /var/spool/mail/root [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# & 1 # 查看第一封邮件 & header # 查看邮件简要信息 & delete 1 2 3 4 5 6 # 删除邮件信息 # ctrl + delete [root@localhost ~]# ^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H^H #************************************************************************************* $# 将find01_true文件作为输入，给邮件，发给root账户 [zy@localhost ~]$ mail -s "zy_varning_02" root < ~/find01_true [zy@localhost ~]$ [zy@localhost ~]$ mail -s "zy_varning_03" root <<END # 以END作为结束字符 > Hello > I am zy > ... # (.不能退出了) > END [zy@localhost ~]$
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12.3 管道
$# 主要作用: 衔接 / 两个命令之间的衔接 将命令1的标准输出(stdout)作为命令2的标准输入(stdin) [zy@localhost ~]$ grep "zy" /etc/passwd # grep拿到的内容是一个文件作为输入的 zy:x:1000:1000:zy:/home/zy:/bin/bash [zy@localhost ~]$ [zy@localhost ~]$ cat /etc/passwd | grep "zy" zy:x:1000:1000:zy:/home/zy:/bin/bash [zy@localhost ~]$ [zy@localhost ~]$ locate passwd | wc -l 126 [zy@localhost ~]$ # -E(正则表达式) [zy@localhost ~]$ ls | grep -E "output.*" output01 output02 output03 [zy@localhost ~]$ # 查看本地路径目录数量 [zy@localhost ~]$ ls -lh | grep -E "^d" | wc -l 7 [zy@localhost ~]$ # 查看本地路径文件/文件夹数量 [zy@localhost ~]$ ls -lh | wc -l 13 [zy@localhost ~]$ [zy@localhost ~]$ echo "I am zy,varning" | mail -s "zy_sent_root" root [zy@localhost ~]$ [root@localhost ~]# You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root [root@localhost ~]#
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